From: owner-hist_text-digest@lists.xmission.com (hist_text-digest) To: hist_text-digest@lists.xmission.com Subject: hist_text-digest V1 #1360 Reply-To: hist_text Sender: owner-hist_text-digest@lists.xmission.com Errors-To: owner-hist_text-digest@lists.xmission.com Precedence: bulk hist_text-digest Friday, May 28 2004 Volume 01 : Number 1360 In this issue: -       Re: MtMan-List: trumpline -       Re: MtMan-List: trumpline & Cinches -       MtMan-List: Tumpline defined -       MtMan-List: tumplines -       MtMan-List: trumpline -       RE: MtMan-List: Tumpline defined -       Re: MtMan-List: trumpline -       RE: MtMan-List: tumpline -       Re: MtMan-List: Cinches ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Thu, 27 May 2004 18:16:07 -0700 (PDT) From: Pare Bowlegs Subject: Re: MtMan-List: trumpline - --0-290642195-1085706967=:95986 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Sure it is. First off I really do believe that a "tumpline" is not used across the forehead (might be wrong about that but I don't think so). That is called a "burden strap" and I believe it was commonly used by un-horsed Indians, Eastern Indians, SW Indians, SE Indians, Voyageurs with very heavy loads in particular. Tumpline: A strap slung across the forehead or the chest to support a load carried on the back. tump (alteration of "mattump", of Southern New England Algonquian origin) American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. There are a few sketches and paintings showing Indians wearing tumplines across their chests. One was sketched in 1734 by German-born artist, Philip Frederick George von Reck. It shows 3 Creek hunters, and two are wearing them with bags on their backs. These may be open woven twined bags, since the two usually were used together. The other is of four Indians in Louisiana painted by Alfred Boisseau, 1847, and shows a woman carrying a basket on her back with the tumpline across her forehead. Being active in the Fur Trade as early as the 1680's, Southeast tribes had horses. The Andalusian being one of them. I believe that any strap used to carry a load could be worn in any fashion the wearer saw fit. And may even be called what was proper or common depending on region or location. Hoppus is another term used. Not knowing which word was most common in your part of the country, is the reason why I used both. It turned out to be an interesting thread. Having covered most of the fields on Southeast tribes with an emphasis on the material cultures of the Seminoles and Creeks, I've decided to turn my search towards the Indian influence on the Mountain Men of Indian Territory. Thanks for the replies. Pare- Our oral traditions is our documentation. - --------------------------------- Do you Yahoo!? Friends. Fun. Try the all-new Yahoo! Messenger - --0-290642195-1085706967=:95986 Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii
 
Sure it is. First off I really do believe that a "tumpline" is not used across the forehead (might be wrong about that but I don't think so). That is called a "burden strap" and I believe it was commonly used by un-horsed Indians, Eastern Indians, SW Indians, SE Indians, Voyageurs with very heavy loads in particular.
 
Tumpline: A strap slung across the forehead or the chest to support a load carried on the back. tump (alteration of "mattump", of Southern New England Algonquian origin) American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.
 
There are a few sketches and paintings showing Indians wearing tumplines across their chests. One was sketched in 1734 by German-born artist, Philip Frederick George von Reck. It shows 3 Creek hunters, and two are wearing them with bags on their backs. These may be open woven twined bags, since the two usually were used together. The other is of four Indians in Louisiana painted by Alfred Boisseau, 1847, and shows a woman carrying a basket on her back with the tumpline across her forehead.
 
Being active in the Fur Trade as early as the 1680's, Southeast tribes had horses. The Andalusian being one of them. 
 
I believe that any strap used to carry a load could be worn in any fashion the wearer saw fit. And may even be called what was proper or common depending on region or location. Hoppus is another term used.
 
Not knowing which word was most common in your part of the country, is the reason why I used both. It turned out to be an interesting thread.
 
Having covered most of the fields on Southeast tribes with an emphasis on the material cultures of the Seminoles and Creeks, I've decided to turn my search towards the Indian influence on the Mountain Men of Indian Territory.
 
Thanks for the replies.
 
Pare-
 


Our oral traditions is our documentation.

Do you Yahoo!?
Friends. Fun. Try the all-new Yahoo! Messenger - --0-290642195-1085706967=:95986-- - ---------------------- hist_text list info: http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/maillist.html ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 27 May 2004 23:55:50 EDT From: GazeingCyot@cs.com Subject: Re: MtMan-List: trumpline & Cinches - --part1_110.329e3202.2de81246_boundary Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Trumpline, Burden Strap same, same one is a name give to an item back east the other a term used by the western Indians for an item that was used very much the same. They may have be been made from different materials but both were used the same way to carry items ether across the shoulders or supported by the head. Or trading back and forth as one mode got tiresome. The Hidatsa use a burden strap that was rigged with two straps one for the shoulders and one for the head. It could be used with both straps supporting the load for heavy loads or used with one or the other supporting the load to give the other area a rest. The Hidatsa also made a burden basket or corn carrying basket made of raw hide that was framed with willow that was carried this same way. You can see Chris putting one of these Baskets to use at: http://members.tripod.com/womenofthefurtrade/id15.htm As for leather cinches they were used back then on some English or Eastern type Saddles and Indian saddles. Some saddles were just held on by only a surcingle that went over the saddle and around the horse and some just used the surcingle to hold blankets on over the saddle. Any one of these could have been used to make a burden strap from as well as a chinch of horse hair or a chinch latigo. For all these items were used back then on different saddles rigs. From my experience a leather chinch is a good way to gall a horse and it makes me wonder how there horses held up to them. As for the saddle bags Larpenuer talks about I have made a set and they work very well on a horse or to throw over your shoulder to carry stuff in. But when it comes to carrying bedding you will still need something like a trumpline or burden strap which very you want to call it. See ya down the trail Crazy Cyot - --part1_110.329e3202.2de81246_boundary Content-Type: text/html; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Trumpline, Bu= rden Strap same, same one is a name give to an item back east the other a te= rm used by the western Indians for an item that was used very much the same.
They may have be been made from different materials but both were used t= he same way to carry items ether across the shoulders or supported by the he= ad. Or trading back and forth as one mode got tiresome.
The Hidatsa use a burden strap that was rigged with two straps one for t= he shoulders and one for the head. It could be used with both straps support= ing the load for heavy loads or used with one or the other supporting the lo= ad to give the other area a rest.
The Hidatsa also made a burden basket or corn carrying basket made of r= aw hide that was framed with willow that was carried this same way.=20
You can see Chris putting one of these Baskets to use at: http://members.tripod.co= m/womenofthefurtrade/id15.htm

As for leather cinches they were used back then on some English or Easte= rn type Saddles and Indian saddles. Some saddles were just held on by only a= surcingle that went over the saddle and around the horse and some just used= the surcingle to hold blankets on over the saddle.
Any one of these could have been used to make a burden strap from as wel= l as a chinch of horse hair or a chinch latigo. For all these items were use= d back then on different saddles rigs.
From my experience a leather chinch is a good way to gall a horse and it= makes me wonder how there horses held up to them.

As for the saddle bags Larpenuer talks about I have made a set and they=20= work very well on a horse or to throw over your shoulder to carry stuff in.=20= But when it comes to carrying bedding you will still need something like a t= rumpline or burden strap which very you want to call it.
See ya down the trail
Crazy Cyot



- --part1_110.329e3202.2de81246_boundary-- - ---------------------- hist_text list info: http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/maillist.html ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 28 May 2004 08:27:12 -0500 From: "Glenn Darilek" Subject: MtMan-List: Tumpline defined Websters 1828 dictionary did not have the word 'tumpline.' The 1913 Webster's Dictionary defined tumpline as: (n.) A strap placed across a man's forehead to assist him in carrying a pack on his back. I think I remember the word from a '50s Boy Scout Handbook for Boys, where it was used across the forehead. Modern dictionaries say the strap is worn across the forehead or chest, and one said over the shoulder. The dictionaries I checked all say the load is carried on the back. The origin of the word is from an Algonquin word traced back to 1796. Maybe the words 'pack strap' would be more applicable if the original meaning is not used. YMOS Glenn Darilek Iron Burner - ---------------------- hist_text list info: http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/maillist.html ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 28 May 2004 08:37:21 -0500 From: "Glenn Darilek" Subject: MtMan-List: tumplines Ain't the internet great? I searched and found a reference to the tumpline in the "Handbook for Boys." http://www.cascadeparaglidingclub.org/pages/tumpline.html The version shown on that web page is the exact one I had. I must have it somewhere now. Now that I think of it, I am sure I read that book more times than any other in my life, except parts of the Good Book. Glenn Darilek Iron Burner - ---------------------- hist_text list info: http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/maillist.html ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 28 May 2004 09:12:21 -0500 From: "Frank Fusco" Subject: MtMan-List: trumpline This is a multi-part message in MIME format. - ------=_NextPart_000_001A_01C44493.E2184860 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable My terminology may be incorrect, I have always thought a trumpline = was the forehead thing. Capt'n said < He might know to choose that or =3D he might not.> Yer right, he might have known what to do or he might not. = Unfortunately, those who did not know what to do in emergency situations = did not live. Hence lack of information about their circumstances. Frank - ------=_NextPart_000_001A_01C44493.E2184860 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
    My terminology may be incorrect, I have always = thought a=20 trumpline was the forehead thing.
    Capt'n said  < He might know to choose = that or=20 =3D
he might not.>
    Yer right, he might have known what to do or he = might=20 not. Unfortunately, those who did not know what to do in emergency = situations=20 did not live. Hence lack of information about their circumstances.
Frank
- ------=_NextPart_000_001A_01C44493.E2184860-- - ---------------------- hist_text list info: http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/maillist.html ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 28 May 2004 15:41:55 +0000 From: "don secondine" Subject: RE: MtMan-List: Tumpline defined In the primary sources here in the eastern frontier, tumplines were called hoppis which is anglicized from the Lenape(Delaware Indian) word Hoppees or burden strap. Since many of the Mountain men were Delawares, Shawnees and Iroquois Indians from the East, it stands to reason that they were doing a lot of things the same way they were accustomed to. BTW, am reading "The Adventures of Captain Bonneville" again after 30yrs. and am finding out some stuff that I had forgotten about. Don Secondine >From: "Glenn Darilek" >Reply-To: hist_text@lists.xmission.com >To: >Subject: MtMan-List: Tumpline defined >Date: Fri, 28 May 2004 08:27:12 -0500 > >Websters 1828 dictionary did not have the word 'tumpline.' > >The 1913 Webster's Dictionary defined tumpline as: > >(n.) A strap placed across a man's forehead to assist him in carrying a >pack on his back. > >I think I remember the word from a '50s Boy Scout Handbook for Boys, >where it was used across the forehead. > >Modern dictionaries say the strap is worn across the forehead or chest, >and one said over the shoulder. The dictionaries I checked all say the >load is carried on the back. > >The origin of the word is from an Algonquin word traced back to 1796. > >Maybe the words 'pack strap' would be more applicable if the original >meaning is not used. > >YMOS >Glenn Darilek >Iron Burner > > > > > > > >---------------------- >hist_text list info: http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/maillist.html _________________________________________________________________ Watch LIVE baseball games on your computer with MLB.TV, included with MSN Premium! http://join.msn.click-url.com/go/onm00200439ave/direct/01/ - ---------------------- hist_text list info: http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/maillist.html ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 28 May 2004 08:57:56 -0700 From: "RP Lahti" Subject: Re: MtMan-List: trumpline This is a multi-part message in MIME format. - ------=_NextPart_000_0034_01C44491.DE7D5940 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Well apparently from what Iron Burner is coming up with and what Crazy = Coyote shared my terminology is incorrect. I stand corrected. I think it of minor importance that in this age and when talking about = old ways of carrying a bundle/burden/pack, etc. using human power and by = a method clearly not a "pack frame" or Haversack/Knapsack that whether = we use the term "Tumpline" or "Burden Strap", there be some effort to = distinguish how it was or is being used. Structurally we are talking = about an accoutrement that is simple in form but can be used in more = than one way and with different results or effect on the body. I suspect that anyone who has survived long enough to find himself = needing to pick up the gear he can't live without and continue his = journey on foot will figure out some way of carrying it even if whatever = way he does is grossly inefficient compared to other ways that he might = not be aware of. That surely is not of such grave circumstance as to = cause eminent or eventual death. It's just going to be doing it "the = hard way". The point was that most if not all participants would have = had some experience either carrying burdens on foot or have seen it done = by others, whether they chose one way or the other really would depend = on the thinking and circumstances of an individual. YMOS Capt. Lahti' - ------=_NextPart_000_0034_01C44491.DE7D5940 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Well apparently from = what Iron=20 Burner is coming up with and what Crazy Coyote shared my terminology is=20 incorrect. I stand corrected.
 
I think it of minor = importance=20 that in this age and when talking about old ways of carrying a=20 bundle/burden/pack, etc. using human power and by a method clearly not a = "pack=20 frame" or Haversack/Knapsack that whether we use the term "Tumpline" or = "Burden=20 Strap", there be some effort to distinguish how it was or is being used. = Structurally we are talking about an accoutrement that is = simple in=20 form but can be used in more than one way and with different results or = effect=20 on the body.
 
<Yer right, he might have known what to do or he might not. = Unfortunately,=20 those who did not know what to do in emergency situations did not live. = Hence=20 lack of information about their circumstances.>
 
I suspect that anyone = who has=20 survived long enough to find himself needing to pick up the gear he = can't live=20 without and continue his journey on foot will figure out some way of = carrying it=20 even if whatever way he does is grossly inefficient compared to other = ways that=20 he might not be aware of. That surely is not of such grave circumstance = as to=20 cause eminent or eventual death. It's just going to be doing it "the = hard=20 way".  The point was that most if not all participants would have = had some=20 experience either carrying burdens on foot or have seen it done by = others,=20 whether they chose one way or the other really would depend on the = thinking and=20 circumstances of an individual.
 
YMOS
Capt. = Lahti'
 
 
- ------=_NextPart_000_0034_01C44491.DE7D5940-- - ---------------------- hist_text list info: http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/maillist.html ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 28 May 2004 09:58:45 -0700 From: Pat Quilter Subject: RE: MtMan-List: tumpline This message is in MIME format. Since your mail reader does not understand this format, some or all of this message may not be legible. - ------_=_NextPart_001_01C444D5.0991A800 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" The ongoing question about how burdens were man-packed is a classic example of why we do "living history". The journals document various occasions where burdens were packed on back (voyageur portages, expeditions losing their horses, non-horse travelers, etc), but these sources didn't burden the reader with presumably familiar detail about "how" they did it, any more than we would embellish a story about an aggravating flat tire with the mechanics of jacking, using a lug wrench, etc. Original sources also document "general" techniques for humping burdens. The two threads cross when someone goes into the field, using period materials and techniques, and TRIES the period methods to see what works (and doesn't work). And we still must make due allowance for hardiness and getting by somehow. Pat Quilter - -----Original Message----- From: RP Lahti [mailto:amm1719@charter.net] Sent: Friday, May 28, 2004 8:58 AM To: hist_text@lists.xmission.com Subject: Re: MtMan-List: trumpline Well apparently from what Iron Burner is coming up with and what Crazy Coyote shared my terminology is incorrect. I stand corrected. I think it of minor importance that in this age and when talking about old ways of carrying a bundle/burden/pack, etc. using human power and by a method clearly not a "pack frame" or Haversack/Knapsack that whether we use the term "Tumpline" or "Burden Strap", there be some effort to distinguish how it was or is being used. Structurally we are talking about an accoutrement that is simple in form but can be used in more than one way and with different results or effect on the body. I suspect that anyone who has survived long enough to find himself needing to pick up the gear he can't live without and continue his journey on foot will figure out some way of carrying it even if whatever way he does is grossly inefficient compared to other ways that he might not be aware of. That surely is not of such grave circumstance as to cause eminent or eventual death. It's just going to be doing it "the hard way". The point was that most if not all participants would have had some experience either carrying burdens on foot or have seen it done by others, whether they chose one way or the other really would depend on the thinking and circumstances of an individual. YMOS Capt. Lahti' - ------_=_NextPart_001_01C444D5.0991A800 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1"
The ongoing question about how burdens were man-packed is a classic example of why we do "living history". The journals document various occasions where burdens were packed on back (voyageur portages, expeditions losing their horses, non-horse travelers, etc), but these sources didn't burden the reader with presumably familiar detail about "how" they did it, any more than we would embellish a story about an aggravating flat tire with the mechanics of jacking, using a lug wrench, etc. Original sources also document "general" techniques for humping burdens. The two threads cross when someone goes into the field, using period materials and techniques, and TRIES the period methods to see what works (and doesn't work). And we still must make due allowance for hardiness and getting by somehow.
Pat Quilter
-----Original Message-----
From: RP Lahti [mailto:amm1719@charter.net]
Sent: Friday, May 28, 2004 8:58 AM
To: hist_text@lists.xmission.com
Subject: Re: MtMan-List: trumpline

Well apparently from what Iron Burner is coming up with and what Crazy Coyote shared my terminology is incorrect. I stand corrected.
 
I think it of minor importance that in this age and when talking about old ways of carrying a bundle/burden/pack, etc. using human power and by a method clearly not a "pack frame" or Haversack/Knapsack that whether we use the term "Tumpline" or "Burden Strap", there be some effort to distinguish how it was or is being used. Structurally we are talking about an accoutrement that is simple in form but can be used in more than one way and with different results or effect on the body.
 
<Yer right, he might have known what to do or he might not. Unfortunately, those who did not know what to do in emergency situations did not live. Hence lack of information about their circumstances.>
 
I suspect that anyone who has survived long enough to find himself needing to pick up the gear he can't live without and continue his journey on foot will figure out some way of carrying it even if whatever way he does is grossly inefficient compared to other ways that he might not be aware of. That surely is not of such grave circumstance as to cause eminent or eventual death. It's just going to be doing it "the hard way".  The point was that most if not all participants would have had some experience either carrying burdens on foot or have seen it done by others, whether they chose one way or the other really would depend on the thinking and circumstances of an individual.
 
YMOS
Capt. Lahti'
 
 
- ------_=_NextPart_001_01C444D5.0991A800-- - ---------------------- hist_text list info: http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/maillist.html ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 27 May 2004 19:15:00 -0600 From: "Allen Hall" Subject: Re: MtMan-List: Cinches This is a multi-part message in MIME format. - ------=_NextPart_000_001B_01C4441E.E8463780 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Jerry, If you live in SLC, and like Mountain Man doin's on a horse, get ahold = of me off-line. We can hook you up with some like-minded guys. Allen in Fort Hall Country allenhall@srv.net ----- Original Message -----=20 From: Jerry Bell=20 To: hist_text@lists.xmission.com=20 Sent: Thursday, May 27, 2004 1:13 PM Subject: RE: MtMan-List: Cinches I live in Salt Lake City. I just called the Museum. They are doing = some research for me and will call me back. When I learn something, I = will let you know. Jerry -----Original Message----- From: owner-hist_text@lists.xmission.com = [mailto:owner-hist_text@lists.xmission.com] On Behalf Of Cheyenne Sent: Thursday, May 27, 2004 12:35 PM To: hist_text@lists.xmission.com Subject: RE: MtMan-List: Cinches Jerry If I gett a chance I will do some research through my local college = (USU) and see if I can come up with something. I am in Utah so I might = be able to get some info from the Museum that Chance refers to. Wynn --------- Original Message -------- From: hist_text@lists.xmission.com To: "hist_text@lists.xmission.com" Subject: RE: MtMan-List: Cinches Date: 27/05/04 13:14 I have been doing a lot of studying of saddles. I would love a copy = of the pages you have of this paper. How would I be able to get a = complete copy? Jerry -----Original Message----- From: owner-hist_text@lists.xmission.com = [mailto:owner-hist_text@lists.xmission.com] On Behalf Of CHANCE TIFFIE Sent: Thursday, May 27, 2004 6:38 AM To: hist_text@lists.xmission.com Subject: Re: MtMan-List: Cinches Wynn, The paper entitled"Description of saddlery in the Renwick Exhibition," = was written by Ann Nelson, Utah Museum of Natural History, University of = Utah, Salt Lake city, Utah 84112. The Renwick exhibition was a collection of saddles from the Department = of Anthropology, private owners, and the National Museum of History and = Technology. As far as the research, these saddles were thoroughly examined by the, = Anthropology Conservation Laboratory, and the Smithsonian Conservation = Analytical Laboratory. Although the paper is entitled as mentioned, the upper right hand = corner of each page says"Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology." = Unfortunately the paper I have is only a partial copy of the whole, = omitting the native saddles, and others of later manufacture. If you = would like a copy of the pages that I have, I will be glad to send them = to you. - -------------------------------------------------------------------------= - ----- Do you Yahoo!? Friends. Fun. Try the all-new Yahoo! Messenger ________________________________________________ Message sent using pcu.net webmail 2.7.2 ---------------------- hist_text list info: = http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/maillist.html=20 - ------=_NextPart_000_001B_01C4441E.E8463780 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Jerry,
 
If you live in SLC, and like Mountain = Man doin's on=20 a horse, get ahold of me off-line.  We can hook you up with some=20 like-minded guys.
 
Allen in Fort Hall Country
allenhall@srv.net
----- Original Message -----
From:=20 Jerry=20 Bell
Sent: Thursday, May 27, 2004 = 1:13=20 PM
Subject: RE: MtMan-List: = Cinches

I live in=20 Salt Lake=20 City.  I = just called=20 the Museum.  They are doing some research for me and will call me = back.  When I learn something, I will let you = know.

 

Jerry

 

-----Original=20 Message-----
From: = owner-hist_text@lists.= xmission.com=20 [mailto:owner-hist_text@lists.xmission.com] On Behalf Of = Cheyenne
Sent: Thursday, May 27, 2004 = 12:35=20 PM
To: hist_text@lists.xmission.com=
Subject: RE: MtMan-List:=20 Cinches

 

Jerry

If I=20 gett a chance I will do some research through my local college = (USU) and=20 see if I can come up with something.  I am in Utah so I might be = able to=20 get some info from the Museum that Chance refers=20 to.

Wynn

---------=20 Original Message --------
From: hist_text@lists.xmission.com
To: = "hist_text@lists.xmission.com"=20 <hist_text@lists.xmission.com>
Subject: RE: MtMan-List:=20 Cinches
Date: 27/05/04 13:14

I have=20 been doing a lot of studying of saddles.  I would love a copy of = the=20 pages you have of this paper.  How would I be able to get a = complete=20 copy?

 

Jerry

 

-----Original=20 Message-----
From:=20 owner-hist_text@lists.xmission.com = [mailto:owner-hist_text@lists.xmission.com]=20 On Behalf Of CHANCE=20 TIFFIE
Sent: = Thursday, May=20 27, 2004 6:38 AM
To:=20 hist_text@lists.xmission.com
Subject: Re: MtMan-List:=20 Cinches

 

Wynn,

The paper entitled"Description of saddlery = in the=20 Renwick Exhibition," was written by Ann Nelson, Utah Museum of Natural = History, University of Utah, Salt Lake city, Utah = 84112.

The Renwick exhibition was a collection of = saddles=20 from the Department of Anthropology, private owners, and the National = Museum=20 of History and Technology.

As far as the research, these saddles were = thoroughly=20 examined by the, Anthropology Conservation Laboratory, and the = Smithsonian=20 Conservation Analytical Laboratory.

Although the paper is entitled as mentioned, = the upper=20 right hand corner of each page says"Smithsonian Studies in History and = Technology."  Unfortunately the paper I have is only a partial = copy of=20 the whole,  omitting the native saddles, and others of later = manufacture.=20 If you would like a copy of the pages that I have, I will be glad to = send them=20 to you.

 

Do you = Yahoo!?
Friends. Fun. Try the all-new Yahoo!=20 Messenger



________________________________________________
Message= =20 sent using pcu.net webmail 2.7.2
---------------------- hist_text = list=20 info: http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/maillist.html=20

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